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Normal pH.
Not a normal patient.

Stewart and Fencl‑Stewart acid-base analysis, step by step.

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Lesson frame: the strong ion gap on a gamblegram
29short lessons
7real cases
5calculators

A vomiting cat. The blood gas looks fine.

pH7.427normal
Glucose135 mg/dL7.5 mmol/Lnormal
DiagnosisDKAflagged by Fencl‑Stewart

A normal pH does not rule out DKA.

Four modules.
One idea at a time.

Vomiting and alkalosis explained two ways
Foundations5 lessons
Strong ion difference on a gamblegram
Stewart’s Approach15 lessons
Free water effect constants: 0.25 dogs, 0.22 cats
Fencl‑Stewart Approach7 lessons · opens Nov 25
Practice case: about 9.5 mEq/L of unmeasured anions
Practice Cases2 lessons · opens Dec 16

Learn the math once.
Let the calculator do it.

Fencl-Stewart calculator on a phone

A 56-page workbook.

Reference intervals page Workbook cover Three approaches on one page
Dr. Igor Yankin

Igor Yankin, DVM, DACVECC

In emergency and critical care since 2010. Author of 16 peer-reviewed papers and a book chapter. Founder of VetEmCrit.

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